Nowadays, modern windows with standard caulking are used in most buildings. Study of AIR INFILTRATION and caulking these windows in several ways such as energy, indoor AIR quality, thermal comfort and pollution entering in the building is important. This study consists of two parts, first the AIRtight performance of various window gaskets is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, 8 different types of gaskets are used and modern window gap is simulated, and AIR INFILTRATION rates are measured at different pressure differences. The results show that the AIRtight performance of various gaskets is different. Also, experimental results are fitted by power law equation, and relations and coefficients are used to calculate AIR INFILTRATION rate of modern windows (sealed windows), respectively. In the second section due to the very low AIR INFILTRATION rate of the experimental results, indoor AIR quality is assessed by numerical modeling methods. In the sample model, AIR INFILTRATION of modern windows as ventilation and human breathing as a source of CO2 is simulated. Indoor AIR quality is weighed by the CO2 concentration in the interior space. The results show that the AIR INFILTRATION of window gaps to ensure AIR quality during the 8 hours is insufficient. Then, assuming uniform distribution of CO2 in the sample space, and solving the transfer species equation for the problem situation, analytical equation for evaluating indoor AIR quality were achieved. Analytical results match numerical simulation results exactly. The results of this study can be very useful for HVAC engineers.

An 1D hydrodynamic model has been simulation and developed for gas hold-up and liquid circulation velocity prediction in AIR-lift reactors. model is based on momentum balance equations and has been adjusted to experimental data collected on a pilot plant reactor equipped with two types of gas distributors and using water as the liquid phase.The model equations described previously constitute a set of non-linear equations which are solved by an iterative procedure (v.b) (c plus). This model has also been combined with mass transfer and the kinetics of a chemical reaction to yield a complete model of the performance of a reactor.

Among the alternative techniques available for flood control, INFILTRATION of rainwater is one of the most important methods to control stormwater effects. Conceptual river INFILTRATION models are very useful for application to control urban flood water, especially in the case of INFILTRATION basins. Contrary to mathematical models, these models are very simple, and unlike empirical models, their parameters are very easy to calculate. Four selected models (Dupuit-Forchheimer, Ernst, Miles and Morel-Seytoux) were employed for simulation of the INFILTRATION process in INFILTRATION basins. The study showed that the hydrograph computed by these models were closely similar to the real hydrograph. The three models (Dupuit-Forchheimer, Ernst, and Miles) showed far lower sensitivity to their parameters than the Morel-Seytoux one.

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over energy resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since the global contribution from residential buildings towards energy consumption, has steadily increased between 20% and 40% and as large openings have considerable energy and heat loss in dwellings, this paper establishes a coefficient of heat loss and AIR INFILTRATION through large openings in 10 historic dwellings (Qajar and Pahlavi era) in Tabriz, Iran. The results show that although Qajar era houses have larger windows than Pahlavi era equivalents, the rate of heat loss of openings per square meter of facades (Ĥ ) and the AIR INFILTRATION per square meter of facades (FA) of openings for Pahlavi era houses is more than the Qajar era equivalents. Therefore Openings of Qajar era houses have been designed more efficient than those of the Pahlavi era. Although the generally accepted way of building energy saving houses in cold climate has been to use small windows, the results indicates that instead of exploiting small openings in facades, it is possible to enlarge the windows to get better lighting conditions and simultaneously decrease the area of openings per square meter of facades for lower heat loss through these openings.

Study of AIR INFILTRATION into a building in several ways such as energy, AIR quality, thermal comfort and pollution entering in the building is very important. In this context, many studies have been conducted in different countries. In our country due to the use of steel doors and windows, independent research on the gap size and AIR INFILTRATION is necessary .In this study, by practical view and in order to localize results, based on a field study, the actual dimensions of the gaps around conventional doors and windows in Iran are measured. The results of these measurements are used to simulate gaps, then, with experimental study AIR INFILTRATION rate of these gaps is calculated at different pressures. In present study, after investigating the effect of different aspects of gaps on AIR INFILTRATION rate, two common equations, power law and quadratic equation, were compared in order to fit data. Results show that power law equation can adapt better to the experimental data. Coefficients of the power law equation to estimate the AIR INFILTRATION rate through the gaps were presented. Due to the proximity factor of the pressure difference to the number 0.5 in most of the results, it was concluded that the Bernoulli equation can be used to predict the AIR INFILTRATION rate through the gaps. This equation is in better compliance with laws and physical principles. Discharge coefficient of the Bernoulli equation for gaps with different dimensions is calculated.

Nowadays, the baseboard heating systems have attracted the attention of many HVAC engineers because of its uniform temperature distribution and low feed water temperature. Despite this, the uniformity of indoor thermal conditions can be disturbed by some parameters such as exterior walls and AIR INFILTRATION from window gaps. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the effects of AIR INFILTRATION from window gaps on the performance of baseboard system and occupants’ thermal conditions. For this reason, a room has been considered under the terms of “ASHRAE-140 standard/Case 600” and climatic conditions of Tehran with winter outdoor design temperature of -10oC. Also, the heat power on the baseboard panel has been set as much as the average of occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction index stays within the allowable range (lower than 10%). The results show that the heating baseboard system can provide the appropriate thermal conditions for sitting occupants with average panel temperature of 43oC. In spite of this, the distribution of occupants’ dissatisfaction index near the floor is not uniform. The results indicate that the AIR INFILTRATION can cause to increase the thermal dissatisfaction index up to 40% in the floor region.

Objectives: Possible serotonergic modulation of acute peripheral inflammation was investigated in rat adopting AIR pouch as an experimental model. Methods: AIR pouch type carrageenan-induced inflammation model on the back of the male Wistar rats was used. Injection of carrageenan solution into an AIR pouch induced gradual increases in the pouch fluid volume and leukocytes accumulation in the pouch exudates as well as granulation tissue weight. Granisetron (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 & 800mg) was injected at the same time as the carrageenan. Results: Granisetron (50, 100 & 200, 400 mg) was found to inhibit the number of white cells in the exudates at 6 hours after the carrageenan injection significantly (from 119.6 ± 7.8 million in control group to 62.5 ± 6.7 million , 69.5 ± 9.8 million, 82.5 ± 4.8 million and 86.3± 6.3 million respectively). The pouches fluid volumes were decreased significantly by doses of 12.5mg (3.6± 0.1ml), 25mg (3.4 ± 0.1ml), 100mg (3.6 ± 0.2 ml), 400mg (3.7 ± 0.1ml), 800mg (3.6 ± 0.1ml) of granisetron compare to control (4.1 ± 0.08ml). Tissues weight at 6 hr after carrageenan injection was increased by doses of 12.5 mg (5.04 ± 0.6 g) , 25 mg (3.06 ± 0.5 g) and 800 mg (4.7 ± 0.2 g) and was decreased with 100 mg granisetron (1.3 ± 0.2 g) significantly compare to control group (5.04 ± 0.6 g). Conclusion: The study confirms that the serotonergic system is capable of modulating peripheral inflammation via 5HT3 receptors.